Brutality against Japs during WW2
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Brutality against Japs during WW2
American mutilation of Japanese war dead
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
1945 image of a Japanese soldier's decapitated head hung on a tree branch, presumably by American soldiers.[1][2]During World War II, some United States military personnel mutilated dead Japanese service personnel in the Pacific theater of operations. The mutilation of Japanese service personnel included the taking of body parts as “war souvenirs” and “war trophies”. Teeth were the most commonly taken objects, but skulls and other body parts were sometimes also collected. This behavior was officially prohibited by the U.S. Military.
Contents [hide]
1 Trophy taking
1.1 Extent of practice
2 Motives
2.1 Dehumanization
2.2 Brutalization
2.3 Revenge
2.4 Souvenirs and bartering
3 U.S. reaction
4 Japanese reaction
5 Context
6 Contemporary
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
[edit] Trophy taking
Front line warning sign using a Japanese soldier's skull on PeleliuOnly a minority of US troops collected Japanese body parts as trophies, and it is not possible to determine the percentage who did. However "their behaviour reflected attitudes which were very widely shared."[3][4] In addition to trophy skulls, teeth, ears and other such objects, taken body parts were occasionally modified, for example by writing on them or fashioning them into utilities or other artifacts.[5] "U.S. Marines on their way to Guadalcanal relished the prospect of making necklaces of Japanese gold teeth and "pickling" Japanese ears as keepsakes."[6] In an air base in New Guinea hunting the last remaining Japanese was a “sort of hobby”. The leg-bones of these Japanese were sometimes carved into letter openers and pen-holders,[5] but this was rare.[3]
Eugene Sledge, private, Company K, 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines, 1st Marine Division, also relates a few instances of fellow Marines extracting gold teeth from the Japanese dead. In one case, Sledge witnessed an extraction while the Japanese soldier was still alive. A Marine Sledge did not know drifted in after an engagement to take some "spoils." As the Marine drove his knife into the still live soldier, he was promptly shouted down by Sledge and others in Company K, and another Marine ran over and shot the wounded Japanese soldier. The Marine took his prize and drifted away, cursing the others for their humanity. (With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa. p 120 )
In 1944 the American poet Winfield Townley Scott was working as a reporter in Rhode Island when a sailor displayed his skull trophy in the newspaper office. This led to the poem The U.S. sailor with the Japanese skull, which described one method for preparation of skulls (the head is skinned, towed in a net behind a ship to clean and polish it, and in the end scrubbed with caustic soda).[7]
Skull stewingIn October 1943, the U.S. High Command expressed alarm over recent newspaper articles, for example one where a soldier made a string of beads using Japanese teeth, and another about a soldier with pictures showing the steps in preparing a skull, involving cooking and scraping of the Japanese heads.[7]
Charles Lindbergh refers in his diary to many instances of Japanese with an ear or nose cut off.[7] In the case of the skulls however, most were not collected from freshly killed Japanese; most came from already partially or fully skeletonised Japanese bodies.[7]
On February 1, 1943, Life magazine published a famous photograph by Ralph Morse which showed the charred, open-mouthed, decapitated head of a Japanese soldier killed by U.S Marines during the Guadalcanal campaign, and propped up below the gun turret of a tank by Marines. The caption read as follows: "A Japanese soldier's skull is propped up on a burned-out Jap tank by U.S. troops." Life received letters of protest from mothers who had sons in the war and others "in disbelief that American soldiers were capable of such brutality toward the enemy." The editors of Life explained that "war is unpleasant, cruel, and inhuman. And it is more dangerous to forget this than to be shocked by reminders."
[edit] Extent of practice
Most U.S. servicemen in the Pacific did not mutilate Japanese corpses. The majority had some knowledge that these practices were occurring, however, and "accepted them as inevitable under the circumstances".[8] The incidence of soldiers collecting Japanese body parts occurred on "a scale large enough to concern the Allied military authorities throughout the conflict and was widely reported and commented on in the American and Japanese wartime press", however.[9] The degree of acceptance of the practice varied between units. Taking of teeth was generally accepted by enlisted men and also by officers, while acceptance for taking other body parts varied greatly.[3] In the experience of one serviceman turned author, Weinstein, ownership of skulls and teeth were widespread practices.[10]
When interviewed by researchers former servicemen have related to the practice of taking gold teeth from the dead - and sometimes also from the living living - as having been widespread.[11]
There is some disagreement between historians over what the more common forms of 'trophy hunting' undertaken by U.S. personnel were. John W. Dower states that ears were the most common form of trophy which was taken, and skulls and bones were less commonly collected. In particular he states that "skulls were not popular trophies" as they were difficult to carry and the process for removing the flesh was offensive.[12] This view is supported by Simon Harrison.[3] In contrast, Niall Ferguson states that "boiling the flesh off enemy [Japanese] skulls to make souvenirs was a not uncommon practice. Ears, bones and teeth were also collected".[13]
The collection of Japanese body parts began quite early in the campaign, prompting a September 1942 order for disciplinary action against such souvenir taking.[3] Harrison concludes that since this was the first real opportunity to take such items (the battle of Guadalcanal), "Clearly, the collection of body parts on a scale large enough to concern the military authorities had started as soon as the first living or dead Japanese bodies were encountered."[3] When Charles Lindbergh passed through customs at Hawaii in 1944, one of the customs declarations he was asked to make was whether or not he was carrying any bones. He was told after expressing some shock at the question that it had become a routine point.[14] This was because of the large number of souvenir bones discovered in customs, also including “green” (uncured) skulls.[15]
In 1984 Japanese soldiers' remains were repatriated from the Mariana Islands. Roughly 60 percent were missing their skulls.[15]
[edit] Motives
[edit] Dehumanization
U.S government poster from WWII featuring a Japanese soldier depicted as a ratIn the U.S. there was a widely held view that the Japanese were less than human.[16] There was also popular anger in U.S. at the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor amplifying pre-war racial prejudices.[13] The U.S. media helped propagate this view of the Japanese, for example describing them as “yellow vermin”.[16]. In an official U.S. Navy film Japanese troops were described as “living, snarling rats”.[17] The mixture of racism, propaganda, and real and imagined Japanese atrocities led to intense loathing of the Japanese.[16] Despite the impact of this propaganda, U.S. Army opinion surveys found that the high degree of hatred towards the Japanese expressed by soldiers in training typically declined dramatically once the men entered combat.[18] A 1944 opinion poll found that 13% of the U.S. public were in favor of the extermination of all Japanese.[19][20]
According to Niall Ferguson: "To the historian who has specialized in German history, this is one of the most troubling aspects of the Second World War: the fact that Allied troops often regarded the Japanese in the same way that Germans regarded Russians – as Untermenschen."[21] Since the Japanese were regarded as animals it is not surprising that the Japanese remains were treated in the same way as animal remains.[16]
Simon Harrison comes to the conclusion in his paper “Skull trophies of the Pacific War: transgressive objects of remembrance” that the minority of U.S. personnel who collected Japanese skulls did so as they came from a society which placed much value in hunting as a symbol of masculinity, combined with a de-humanization of the enemy.
[edit] Brutalization
Some writers and veterans state that the body parts trophy and souvenir taking was a side effect of the brutalizing effects of a harsh campaign.[22]
Harrison argues that while brutalization could explain part of the mutilations, this explanation does not explain the servicemen who already before shipping off for the Pacific proclaimed their intention to acquire such objects.[23] According to Harrison it also does not explain the many cases of servicemen collecting the objects as gifts for people back home.[23] Harrison concludes that there is no evidence that the average serviceman collecting this type of souvenirs was suffering from "combat fatigue". They were normal men who felt this was what their loved ones wanted them to collect for them.[24] Skulls were sometimes also collected as souvenirs by non-combat personnel.[22]
[edit] Revenge
News of the Bataan Death March sparked outrage in the US, as shown by this racially-charged propaganda poster.According to Bergerud U.S. troops who mutilated the bodies of their Japanese opponents were also motivated by a desire to seek revenge against Japanese atrocities, such as the Bataan Death March. For instance, Bergerud states that the U.S. Marines on Guadacanal were aware that the Japanese had committed atrocities against the Marine defenders of Wake Island prior to the start of the campaign[25]. According to serviceman Warren Fitch U.S. troops arriving at Guadalcanal had through the reporting of Japanese atrocities been given the false impression that the Japanese had taken no prisoners at Wake Island, and the men of his Company would then probably have chosen not to kill at least some of the Japanese that tried to surrender, had they known the truth.[26] According to Bergerud U.S. troops in Guadacanal first began taking ears from Japanese corpses after photos of mutilated bodies of Marines on Wake Island were found in Japanese engineers' personal effects.[27] Weingartner notes however that U.S. Marines were intent on taking gold teeth and making keepsakes of Japanese ears already while en-route to Guadacanal.[28]
[edit] Souvenirs and bartering
Factors relevant to the collection of body parts were their economic value, the desire both of the "folks back home" for a souvenir and of the servicemen themselves to keep a keepsake when they returned home.
Some of the collected souvenir bones were modified, e.g. turned into letter-openers, and may be an extension of trench art.[29]
Pictures showing the "cooking and scraping" of Japanese heads may have formed part of the large set of Guadalcanal photographs sold to sailors which were circulating on the U.S. West-coast.[30] According to Paul Fussel, pictures showing this type of activity, i.e. boiling human heads; "were taken (and preserved for a lifetime) because the marines were proud of their success".[31]
In many cases (and unexplainable by battlefield conditions) the collected body parts were not for the use of the collector but were instead meant to be gifts to family and friends at home.[32] In some cases as the result of specific requests from home.[33] Newspapers reported of cases such as a mother requesting permission for her son to send her an ear, a bribed chaplain that was promised by an underage youth "the third pair of ears he collected".[34] A better known example of those servicemen who left for battle already planning to send home a trophy is the Life Magazine picture of the week, whose caption begins:
"When he said goodby two years ago to Natalie Nickerson, 20, a war worker of Phoenix, Ariz., a big, handsome Navy lieutenant promised her a Jap. Last week Natalie received a human skull, autographed by her lieutenant and 13 friends,..."[35]
Another example of this type of press is Yank that in early 1943 published a cartoon showing the parents of a soldier receiving a pair of ears from their son.[36] In 1942 Alan Lomax recorded a blues song where a black soldier promises to send his child a Japanese skull, and a tooth.[37] Harrison also makes note of the Congressman that gave president Roosevelt a letter-opener carved out of bone as examples of the social range of these attitudes.[38]
Trade sometimes occurred with the items, such as "members of the Naval Construction Battalions stationed on Guadalcanal selling Japanese skulls to merchant seamen" as reported in an Allied intelligence report from early 1944.[39] Sometimes teeth (particularly the less common gold teeth) were also seen as a trade-able commodity.[40]
[edit] U.S. reaction
“Stern disciplinary action” against human remains souvenir taking was ordered by the Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Fleet as early as September 1942.[3] In October 1943 General George C. Marshall radioed General Douglas MacArthur about “his concern over current reports of atrocities committed by American soldiers”.[41] In January 1944 JCS issued a directive against the taking of Japanese body parts.[41] Directives of this type may have been effective in some areas, "but they seem to have been implemented only partially and unevenly by local commanders".[3]
Arizona war worker writes her Navy boyfriend a thank-you note for the Japanese skull he sent her. This skull of a Japanese soldier bears the inscription: "Here is a good Jap -- a dead one!" Life Magazine, May 22 1944.On May 22 1944 Life Magazine published a photo of an American girl with a Japanese skull sent to her by her naval officer boyfriend.[42] The letters Life received from its readers in response to this photo were "overwhelmingly condemnatory"[43] and the Army directed its Bureau of Public Relations to inform U.S. publishers that “the publication of such stories would be likely to encourage the enemy to take reprisals against American dead and prisoners of war.”[44] The junior officer who had sent the skull was also traced and officially reprimanded.[24] This was done reluctantly however, and the punishment was not severe.[45]
The Life photo also led to the U.S. Military to take further action against the mutilation of Japanese corpses. In a memorandum dated June 13, 1944, the Army JAG asserted that “such atrocious and brutal policies” in addition to being repugnant also were violations of the laws of war, and recommended the distribution to all commanders of a directive pointing out that “the maltreatment of enemy war dead was a blatant violation of the 1929 Geneva Convention on the sick and wounded, which provided that: After every engagement, the belligerent who remains in possession of the field shall take measures to search for wounded and the dead and to protect them from robbery and ill treatment.” Such practices were in addition also in violation of the unwritten customary rules of land warfare and could lead to the death penalty.[46] The Navy JAG mirrored that opinion one week later, and also added that “the atrocious conduct of which some U.S. servicemen were guilty could lead to retaliation by the Japanese which would be justified under international law”.[46]
On 13 June 1944 the press reported that President Roosevelt had been presented with a letter-opener made out of a Japanese soldier's arm bone by Francis E. Walter, a Democratic congressman.[24] Several weeks later it was reported that it had been given back with the explanation that the President did not want this type of object and recommended it be buried instead. In doing so, Roosevelt was acting in response to the concerns which had been expressed by the military authorities and some of the civilian population, including church leaders.[24]
In October 1944 the Right Rev. Henry St. George Tucker, the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, issued a statement which deplored "'isolated' acts of desecration with respect to the bodies of slain Japanese soldiers and appealed to American soldiers as a group to discourage such actions on the part of individuals."[47][48]
[edit] Japanese reaction
News that President Roosevelt had been given a bone letter opener by a congressman were widely reported in Japan. The Americans were portrayed as “deranged, primitive, racist and inhuman”. This reporting was compounded by the previous May 22, 1944 Life Magazine picture of the week publication of a young woman with a skull trophy.[49] Hoyt in "Japan’s war: the great Pacific conflict" argues that the Allied practice of mutilating the Japanese dead and taking pieces of them home was exploited by Japanese propaganda very effectively, and "contributed to a preference to death over surrender and occupation, shown, for example, in the mass civilian suicides on Saipan and Okinawa after the Allied landings".[49]
[edit] Context
All WWII remains discovered in the U.S. attributable to an ethnicity are of Japanese origins; none come from Europe.[5]
Australian soldiers also mutilated Japanese bodies, most commonly by taking gold teeth from corpses.[50] This was officially discouraged by the Australian Army.[51] Johnson argues that the Australians were motivated by "greed rather than hatred" and also noted the influence of utter contempt for the enemy.[52] Australians are also known to have taken gold teeth also from German corpses, "but the practice was obviously more common in the South-West Pacific".[53] "The vast majority of Australians found such behaviour abhorrent, but..." there were also normal troops that approved of it.[54]
From the Burma Campaign there are recorded instances of British troops removing gold teeth and displaying Japanese skulls as trophies.[55]
[edit] Contemporary
Skulls from the Vietnam War and from WWII keep turning up in the U.S., sometimes returned by former servicemen or their relatives, or discovered by police. According to Harrison, contrarily to the situation in average head-hunting societies the trophies do not fit in in the American society. While the taking of the objects was socially accepted at the time, after the war, when the Japanese in time became seen
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
1945 image of a Japanese soldier's decapitated head hung on a tree branch, presumably by American soldiers.[1][2]During World War II, some United States military personnel mutilated dead Japanese service personnel in the Pacific theater of operations. The mutilation of Japanese service personnel included the taking of body parts as “war souvenirs” and “war trophies”. Teeth were the most commonly taken objects, but skulls and other body parts were sometimes also collected. This behavior was officially prohibited by the U.S. Military.
Contents [hide]
1 Trophy taking
1.1 Extent of practice
2 Motives
2.1 Dehumanization
2.2 Brutalization
2.3 Revenge
2.4 Souvenirs and bartering
3 U.S. reaction
4 Japanese reaction
5 Context
6 Contemporary
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
[edit] Trophy taking
Front line warning sign using a Japanese soldier's skull on PeleliuOnly a minority of US troops collected Japanese body parts as trophies, and it is not possible to determine the percentage who did. However "their behaviour reflected attitudes which were very widely shared."[3][4] In addition to trophy skulls, teeth, ears and other such objects, taken body parts were occasionally modified, for example by writing on them or fashioning them into utilities or other artifacts.[5] "U.S. Marines on their way to Guadalcanal relished the prospect of making necklaces of Japanese gold teeth and "pickling" Japanese ears as keepsakes."[6] In an air base in New Guinea hunting the last remaining Japanese was a “sort of hobby”. The leg-bones of these Japanese were sometimes carved into letter openers and pen-holders,[5] but this was rare.[3]
Eugene Sledge, private, Company K, 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines, 1st Marine Division, also relates a few instances of fellow Marines extracting gold teeth from the Japanese dead. In one case, Sledge witnessed an extraction while the Japanese soldier was still alive. A Marine Sledge did not know drifted in after an engagement to take some "spoils." As the Marine drove his knife into the still live soldier, he was promptly shouted down by Sledge and others in Company K, and another Marine ran over and shot the wounded Japanese soldier. The Marine took his prize and drifted away, cursing the others for their humanity. (With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa. p 120 )
In 1944 the American poet Winfield Townley Scott was working as a reporter in Rhode Island when a sailor displayed his skull trophy in the newspaper office. This led to the poem The U.S. sailor with the Japanese skull, which described one method for preparation of skulls (the head is skinned, towed in a net behind a ship to clean and polish it, and in the end scrubbed with caustic soda).[7]
Skull stewingIn October 1943, the U.S. High Command expressed alarm over recent newspaper articles, for example one where a soldier made a string of beads using Japanese teeth, and another about a soldier with pictures showing the steps in preparing a skull, involving cooking and scraping of the Japanese heads.[7]
Charles Lindbergh refers in his diary to many instances of Japanese with an ear or nose cut off.[7] In the case of the skulls however, most were not collected from freshly killed Japanese; most came from already partially or fully skeletonised Japanese bodies.[7]
On February 1, 1943, Life magazine published a famous photograph by Ralph Morse which showed the charred, open-mouthed, decapitated head of a Japanese soldier killed by U.S Marines during the Guadalcanal campaign, and propped up below the gun turret of a tank by Marines. The caption read as follows: "A Japanese soldier's skull is propped up on a burned-out Jap tank by U.S. troops." Life received letters of protest from mothers who had sons in the war and others "in disbelief that American soldiers were capable of such brutality toward the enemy." The editors of Life explained that "war is unpleasant, cruel, and inhuman. And it is more dangerous to forget this than to be shocked by reminders."
[edit] Extent of practice
Most U.S. servicemen in the Pacific did not mutilate Japanese corpses. The majority had some knowledge that these practices were occurring, however, and "accepted them as inevitable under the circumstances".[8] The incidence of soldiers collecting Japanese body parts occurred on "a scale large enough to concern the Allied military authorities throughout the conflict and was widely reported and commented on in the American and Japanese wartime press", however.[9] The degree of acceptance of the practice varied between units. Taking of teeth was generally accepted by enlisted men and also by officers, while acceptance for taking other body parts varied greatly.[3] In the experience of one serviceman turned author, Weinstein, ownership of skulls and teeth were widespread practices.[10]
When interviewed by researchers former servicemen have related to the practice of taking gold teeth from the dead - and sometimes also from the living living - as having been widespread.[11]
There is some disagreement between historians over what the more common forms of 'trophy hunting' undertaken by U.S. personnel were. John W. Dower states that ears were the most common form of trophy which was taken, and skulls and bones were less commonly collected. In particular he states that "skulls were not popular trophies" as they were difficult to carry and the process for removing the flesh was offensive.[12] This view is supported by Simon Harrison.[3] In contrast, Niall Ferguson states that "boiling the flesh off enemy [Japanese] skulls to make souvenirs was a not uncommon practice. Ears, bones and teeth were also collected".[13]
The collection of Japanese body parts began quite early in the campaign, prompting a September 1942 order for disciplinary action against such souvenir taking.[3] Harrison concludes that since this was the first real opportunity to take such items (the battle of Guadalcanal), "Clearly, the collection of body parts on a scale large enough to concern the military authorities had started as soon as the first living or dead Japanese bodies were encountered."[3] When Charles Lindbergh passed through customs at Hawaii in 1944, one of the customs declarations he was asked to make was whether or not he was carrying any bones. He was told after expressing some shock at the question that it had become a routine point.[14] This was because of the large number of souvenir bones discovered in customs, also including “green” (uncured) skulls.[15]
In 1984 Japanese soldiers' remains were repatriated from the Mariana Islands. Roughly 60 percent were missing their skulls.[15]
[edit] Motives
[edit] Dehumanization
U.S government poster from WWII featuring a Japanese soldier depicted as a ratIn the U.S. there was a widely held view that the Japanese were less than human.[16] There was also popular anger in U.S. at the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor amplifying pre-war racial prejudices.[13] The U.S. media helped propagate this view of the Japanese, for example describing them as “yellow vermin”.[16]. In an official U.S. Navy film Japanese troops were described as “living, snarling rats”.[17] The mixture of racism, propaganda, and real and imagined Japanese atrocities led to intense loathing of the Japanese.[16] Despite the impact of this propaganda, U.S. Army opinion surveys found that the high degree of hatred towards the Japanese expressed by soldiers in training typically declined dramatically once the men entered combat.[18] A 1944 opinion poll found that 13% of the U.S. public were in favor of the extermination of all Japanese.[19][20]
According to Niall Ferguson: "To the historian who has specialized in German history, this is one of the most troubling aspects of the Second World War: the fact that Allied troops often regarded the Japanese in the same way that Germans regarded Russians – as Untermenschen."[21] Since the Japanese were regarded as animals it is not surprising that the Japanese remains were treated in the same way as animal remains.[16]
Simon Harrison comes to the conclusion in his paper “Skull trophies of the Pacific War: transgressive objects of remembrance” that the minority of U.S. personnel who collected Japanese skulls did so as they came from a society which placed much value in hunting as a symbol of masculinity, combined with a de-humanization of the enemy.
[edit] Brutalization
Some writers and veterans state that the body parts trophy and souvenir taking was a side effect of the brutalizing effects of a harsh campaign.[22]
Harrison argues that while brutalization could explain part of the mutilations, this explanation does not explain the servicemen who already before shipping off for the Pacific proclaimed their intention to acquire such objects.[23] According to Harrison it also does not explain the many cases of servicemen collecting the objects as gifts for people back home.[23] Harrison concludes that there is no evidence that the average serviceman collecting this type of souvenirs was suffering from "combat fatigue". They were normal men who felt this was what their loved ones wanted them to collect for them.[24] Skulls were sometimes also collected as souvenirs by non-combat personnel.[22]
[edit] Revenge
News of the Bataan Death March sparked outrage in the US, as shown by this racially-charged propaganda poster.According to Bergerud U.S. troops who mutilated the bodies of their Japanese opponents were also motivated by a desire to seek revenge against Japanese atrocities, such as the Bataan Death March. For instance, Bergerud states that the U.S. Marines on Guadacanal were aware that the Japanese had committed atrocities against the Marine defenders of Wake Island prior to the start of the campaign[25]. According to serviceman Warren Fitch U.S. troops arriving at Guadalcanal had through the reporting of Japanese atrocities been given the false impression that the Japanese had taken no prisoners at Wake Island, and the men of his Company would then probably have chosen not to kill at least some of the Japanese that tried to surrender, had they known the truth.[26] According to Bergerud U.S. troops in Guadacanal first began taking ears from Japanese corpses after photos of mutilated bodies of Marines on Wake Island were found in Japanese engineers' personal effects.[27] Weingartner notes however that U.S. Marines were intent on taking gold teeth and making keepsakes of Japanese ears already while en-route to Guadacanal.[28]
[edit] Souvenirs and bartering
Factors relevant to the collection of body parts were their economic value, the desire both of the "folks back home" for a souvenir and of the servicemen themselves to keep a keepsake when they returned home.
Some of the collected souvenir bones were modified, e.g. turned into letter-openers, and may be an extension of trench art.[29]
Pictures showing the "cooking and scraping" of Japanese heads may have formed part of the large set of Guadalcanal photographs sold to sailors which were circulating on the U.S. West-coast.[30] According to Paul Fussel, pictures showing this type of activity, i.e. boiling human heads; "were taken (and preserved for a lifetime) because the marines were proud of their success".[31]
In many cases (and unexplainable by battlefield conditions) the collected body parts were not for the use of the collector but were instead meant to be gifts to family and friends at home.[32] In some cases as the result of specific requests from home.[33] Newspapers reported of cases such as a mother requesting permission for her son to send her an ear, a bribed chaplain that was promised by an underage youth "the third pair of ears he collected".[34] A better known example of those servicemen who left for battle already planning to send home a trophy is the Life Magazine picture of the week, whose caption begins:
"When he said goodby two years ago to Natalie Nickerson, 20, a war worker of Phoenix, Ariz., a big, handsome Navy lieutenant promised her a Jap. Last week Natalie received a human skull, autographed by her lieutenant and 13 friends,..."[35]
Another example of this type of press is Yank that in early 1943 published a cartoon showing the parents of a soldier receiving a pair of ears from their son.[36] In 1942 Alan Lomax recorded a blues song where a black soldier promises to send his child a Japanese skull, and a tooth.[37] Harrison also makes note of the Congressman that gave president Roosevelt a letter-opener carved out of bone as examples of the social range of these attitudes.[38]
Trade sometimes occurred with the items, such as "members of the Naval Construction Battalions stationed on Guadalcanal selling Japanese skulls to merchant seamen" as reported in an Allied intelligence report from early 1944.[39] Sometimes teeth (particularly the less common gold teeth) were also seen as a trade-able commodity.[40]
[edit] U.S. reaction
“Stern disciplinary action” against human remains souvenir taking was ordered by the Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Fleet as early as September 1942.[3] In October 1943 General George C. Marshall radioed General Douglas MacArthur about “his concern over current reports of atrocities committed by American soldiers”.[41] In January 1944 JCS issued a directive against the taking of Japanese body parts.[41] Directives of this type may have been effective in some areas, "but they seem to have been implemented only partially and unevenly by local commanders".[3]
Arizona war worker writes her Navy boyfriend a thank-you note for the Japanese skull he sent her. This skull of a Japanese soldier bears the inscription: "Here is a good Jap -- a dead one!" Life Magazine, May 22 1944.On May 22 1944 Life Magazine published a photo of an American girl with a Japanese skull sent to her by her naval officer boyfriend.[42] The letters Life received from its readers in response to this photo were "overwhelmingly condemnatory"[43] and the Army directed its Bureau of Public Relations to inform U.S. publishers that “the publication of such stories would be likely to encourage the enemy to take reprisals against American dead and prisoners of war.”[44] The junior officer who had sent the skull was also traced and officially reprimanded.[24] This was done reluctantly however, and the punishment was not severe.[45]
The Life photo also led to the U.S. Military to take further action against the mutilation of Japanese corpses. In a memorandum dated June 13, 1944, the Army JAG asserted that “such atrocious and brutal policies” in addition to being repugnant also were violations of the laws of war, and recommended the distribution to all commanders of a directive pointing out that “the maltreatment of enemy war dead was a blatant violation of the 1929 Geneva Convention on the sick and wounded, which provided that: After every engagement, the belligerent who remains in possession of the field shall take measures to search for wounded and the dead and to protect them from robbery and ill treatment.” Such practices were in addition also in violation of the unwritten customary rules of land warfare and could lead to the death penalty.[46] The Navy JAG mirrored that opinion one week later, and also added that “the atrocious conduct of which some U.S. servicemen were guilty could lead to retaliation by the Japanese which would be justified under international law”.[46]
On 13 June 1944 the press reported that President Roosevelt had been presented with a letter-opener made out of a Japanese soldier's arm bone by Francis E. Walter, a Democratic congressman.[24] Several weeks later it was reported that it had been given back with the explanation that the President did not want this type of object and recommended it be buried instead. In doing so, Roosevelt was acting in response to the concerns which had been expressed by the military authorities and some of the civilian population, including church leaders.[24]
In October 1944 the Right Rev. Henry St. George Tucker, the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, issued a statement which deplored "'isolated' acts of desecration with respect to the bodies of slain Japanese soldiers and appealed to American soldiers as a group to discourage such actions on the part of individuals."[47][48]
[edit] Japanese reaction
News that President Roosevelt had been given a bone letter opener by a congressman were widely reported in Japan. The Americans were portrayed as “deranged, primitive, racist and inhuman”. This reporting was compounded by the previous May 22, 1944 Life Magazine picture of the week publication of a young woman with a skull trophy.[49] Hoyt in "Japan’s war: the great Pacific conflict" argues that the Allied practice of mutilating the Japanese dead and taking pieces of them home was exploited by Japanese propaganda very effectively, and "contributed to a preference to death over surrender and occupation, shown, for example, in the mass civilian suicides on Saipan and Okinawa after the Allied landings".[49]
[edit] Context
All WWII remains discovered in the U.S. attributable to an ethnicity are of Japanese origins; none come from Europe.[5]
Australian soldiers also mutilated Japanese bodies, most commonly by taking gold teeth from corpses.[50] This was officially discouraged by the Australian Army.[51] Johnson argues that the Australians were motivated by "greed rather than hatred" and also noted the influence of utter contempt for the enemy.[52] Australians are also known to have taken gold teeth also from German corpses, "but the practice was obviously more common in the South-West Pacific".[53] "The vast majority of Australians found such behaviour abhorrent, but..." there were also normal troops that approved of it.[54]
From the Burma Campaign there are recorded instances of British troops removing gold teeth and displaying Japanese skulls as trophies.[55]
[edit] Contemporary
Skulls from the Vietnam War and from WWII keep turning up in the U.S., sometimes returned by former servicemen or their relatives, or discovered by police. According to Harrison, contrarily to the situation in average head-hunting societies the trophies do not fit in in the American society. While the taking of the objects was socially accepted at the time, after the war, when the Japanese in time became seen
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
making people feel sorry for the japs in ww2 is like feeling sorry for the whites during the slave trade, you really hate white people
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
I do -but white hypicrosy is a joke its only beastly or savage when its done to whites its never beastly when whites do it....times they are a changing though Id be careful with your white ass because theres millions of us -and alot arent as outspoken as me -they just get white people on the sly-
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
what are you talking about? Im using my super mind control powerrs on my black friends to protect me ... My devil power is off the charts
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
japanese bravado
you mean the confidence they gained after they beat up 2 russian fleets that were practically obsolete? please
that bravado you praise lead to there defeat
of course technology wins it helped us beat the muslims and the japs hit the books bitch
you mean the confidence they gained after they beat up 2 russian fleets that were practically obsolete? please
that bravado you praise lead to there defeat
of course technology wins it helped us beat the muslims and the japs hit the books bitch
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
Japanese were savage but they weren't doing this barbaric savage shit. C'mon son sending skulls back to wifey at home with an inscription reading "a good Jap, a dead one!" etc.
Japanese imperialism did not exist, there was no savagery in asia towards neighboring cultures until the western imperialists came through to asia
Japan's goal was to take over all of Asia to prevent the West from doing so
Do the knowledge my pasty friend
Japanese imperialism did not exist, there was no savagery in asia towards neighboring cultures until the western imperialists came through to asia
Japan's goal was to take over all of Asia to prevent the West from doing so
Do the knowledge my pasty friend
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
The japanese werent better at all: This is what they did in China:Cold Bear wrote:Japanese were savage but they weren't doing this barbaric savage shit. C'mon son sending skulls back to wifey at home with an inscription reading "a good Jap, a dead one!" etc.
Mass rapes:
etc. unfortunately savagery is a universal human trait as old as humanity.
What about this?Cold Bear wrote: Japanese imperialism did not exist, there was no savagery in asia towards neighboring cultures until the western imperialists came through to asia
Japan's goal was to take over all of Asia to prevent the West from doing so
Do the knowledge my pasty friend
Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_i ... %931598%29
Of course there was savagery in Asia before the white man came.
List of conflicts in Asia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Asia
Just like anywhere else in the world.
It sounds a little like good old "white people= the devil" theories. Which is a perception of history that is distorted under the impression of the 20th century.
Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
japanese imperialism did not exist? read and digest.....http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Ea ... ity_SphereCold Bear wrote:Japanese were savage but they weren't doing this barbaric savage shit. C'mon son sending skulls back to wifey at home with an inscription reading "a good Jap, a dead one!" etc.
Japanese imperialism did not exist, there was no savagery in asia towards neighboring cultures until the western imperialists came through to asia
Japan's goal was to take over all of Asia to prevent the West from doing so
Do the knowledge my pasty friend
also 'no savagery in asia'....LOL!!!! broadcast that one in china about the japanese esp. in manchuria or manchukuo as they referred to it, chinese would spit on you for saying that
please read this as well....http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_731
you really do give the impression of being completely uninformed
to prevent yourself looking ignorant in future, it might be advisable for YOU to 'do the knowledge'
and if you want more information ive given you wikipedia but believe me, theres FAR more out there on these subjects than just wikipedia
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
Cold Bear wrote:Japanese were savage but they weren't doing this barbaric savage shit. C'mon son sending skulls back to wifey at home with an inscription reading "a good Jap, a dead one!" etc.
Japanese imperialism did not exist, there was no savagery in asia towards neighboring cultures until the western imperialists came through to asia
Japan's goal was to take over all of Asia to prevent the West from doing so
Do the knowledge my pasty friend
Yea i did the knowledge there, ever hear of the naking massacre? The hong kong massacre?
You know i hear when pastey white canadians go to hong kong and they find out were canadian, they literally do everything they can to make us feel at home
Seems like your just talking out of your ass
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
Sounds like cold bear gets his history lessons from MTV and much musicCold Bear wrote:Japanese were savage but they weren't doing this barbaric savage shit. C'mon son sending skulls back to wifey at home with an inscription reading "a good Jap, a dead one!" etc.
Japanese imperialism did not exist, there was no savagery in asia towards neighboring cultures until the western imperialists came through to asia
Japan's goal was to take over all of Asia to prevent the West from doing so
Do the knowledge my pasty friend
just another brother blinding himself from the facts
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
LOL cold bear you honestly made me laugh really hard lol
Any other dillusional facts you want to share with your pastey white friend?
i could use a good laugh
Any other dillusional facts you want to share with your pastey white friend?
i could use a good laugh
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
hey cliffard, cold bear doesnt understand what your saying because your white, he must have watched too many spike lee movies
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
dam we gangsters dont mess with the japs
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
lol wow
you you think a bunch of kids could defeat a proffesional army your way more delusional than i thought
I dont know where youve been your whole life but it hasnt been in reality
you you think a bunch of kids could defeat a proffesional army your way more delusional than i thought
I dont know where youve been your whole life but it hasnt been in reality
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
whiskeyjack wrote:lol wow
you you think a bunch of kids could defeat a proffesional army your way more delusional than i thought
I dont know where youve been your whole life but it hasnt been in reality
i was joking..........dumbass
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
All that shit yall white bros talking about in here happened after white bros stuck their head in eastern business
C'mon yo
Centuries of coexisting?
All of a sudden the Japones spaz out?
Nah yo
Read into what started that shit up
Occidentalism
http://books.google.com/books?id=NCc2p6 ... &q&f=false
Fuck outta here Canuck LOL
And cliffard you proving my point innit
C'mon yo
Centuries of coexisting?
All of a sudden the Japones spaz out?
Nah yo
Read into what started that shit up
Occidentalism
http://books.google.com/books?id=NCc2p6 ... &q&f=false
Fuck outta here Canuck LOL
And cliffard you proving my point innit
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
OK didn't know about thisSentenza wrote:[
What about this?
Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_i ... %931598%29
I STAND CORRECTED
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
You were right, that the Japanese Imperialism after the Meiji Restauration (1868) was a response to western aggression towards China and Asia.Cold Bear wrote:OK didn't know about thisSentenza wrote:[
What about this?
Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_i ... %931598%29
I STAND CORRECTED
China was helpless and got owned by the British Empire, cause they were 100ds of years behind, corrupt etc.
So the japanese decided not to become a victim and modernized their country and built a huge army and invaded neighboring countries.
Before that they were under self imposed isolation for about 200-300 years (dont know the exact number of years from the top of my head).
All foreign ships that tried to bring anchor in japanese harbors were confiscated or sunk, missionaries were mostly incarcerated or killed (apart from a small Portuguese Jesuit Mission in Yamaguchi, which was tolerated).
Before that Japan tried to conquer Korea as stated in that article, but because of japans geographical nature as an island it didnt have much contact with its neighbours before that time.
It was different on the mainland, where for example Chinese wars and invasions date back to as early as the 3rd millenium bc, such as the Battle of Zhuolu (~2500 BC) etc. There are more instances and plenty of wars have been taking place in east asia before they even knew of the white man.
The first mass deportations/genocide is attributed to the Assyrians, which deportated an unknown number of Babyloniansin 744 BC including mass killings and destruction of their cities.
Admittedly european people probably lead the record of worldwide genocides (South America, Slave Trade, Jews etc. etc.), but they existed elsewhere too without the influence of whitey.
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
nope they have been terrorizing the koreans way before the white man showed up in asia, check it outAll of a sudden the Japones spaz out?
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
you mean western europeans right? i cant remember the last time the polish foreign legion killed off all the inhabitants of nambia?Admittedly european people probably lead the record of worldwide genocides
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
oh wait those were your people quit taking down the rest of europe with youwhiskeyjack wrote:you mean western europeans right? i cant remember the last time the polish foreign legion killed off all the inhabitants of nambia?Admittedly european people probably lead the record of worldwide genocides
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
you just trying to be the anti white white that everyone loves here
yea iam evil and everyone else like me is evil can we be friends
yea iam evil and everyone else like me is evil can we be friends
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
sorry sentenza, i think im becoming clinically insane....
But you shouldnt be so general you know how i feel about being specific, especially when it comes to race and ethnicity
But you shouldnt be so general you know how i feel about being specific, especially when it comes to race and ethnicity
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
Why? Last time i checked, when Germany invaded eastern europe, there were legions of volunteers that started killing jews on there own, without getting help from the germans. They were waiting for their chance and they got it. Croats killed at least half a million Serbs during WW2. Serbs killed 1000ds and 1000ds of Muslim Bosnians in the 90's.whiskeyjack wrote:oh wait those were your people quit taking down the rest of europe with youwhiskeyjack wrote:you mean western europeans right? i cant remember the last time the polish foreign legion killed off all the inhabitants of nambia?Admittedly european people probably lead the record of worldwide genocides
Stalin killed between 2.6 and 10 Million Ukraninians, not mentioning the rest of his victims. He is listed as the biggest mass murderer of all time. Stalin sounds pretty eastern European to me.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor
He is most likely only matched by Mao and Maoist China. Combined they both killed dozens of Millions and were along with Hitler the worst mass murderers in history.
My Girlfriends family is originally from Macedonia. They and 1000ds of other Muslims were expelled from there and many were lynched and murdered during the 1940s and 50s.
France killed 500,000 Algerians in the 50's. Spain wiped out half of South America. The list goes on.
You name the country, i name the crime, no matter where in this world.
Lokk, we all, as humans are in my eyes not more then monkeys with guns in their hands.
At least that is the only conclusion i can come to when looking at the madness.
As a german i have no problem admitting that there have been terrible things going on in the history of my country. But things have changed.
Do you have the balls to do the same, or are you gonna play the blame game too?
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
No offense taken. Explain your points and lets have a debate.whiskeyjack wrote:sorry sentenza, i think im becoming clinically insane....
But you shouldnt be so general you know how i feel about being specific, especially when it comes to race and ethnicity
P.S. As long as you feel like your going insane, you are probably not. Insane people dont know they are insane most of the times
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
they have, and thats why i get fucking mad when people say its as a whole this and that you should understandBut things have changed.
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
when people say whites as a whole this and whites as a whole that, im inheritantly evil, i have no soul
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
you got the sources so fill me in on these countries and who they killed off in genocide
Finland
Poland
i know russia did a number on my anscesotrs
Finland
Poland
i know russia did a number on my anscesotrs
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
Statistics Ofwhiskeyjack wrote:you got the sources so fill me in on these countries and who they killed off in genocide
Finland
Poland
i know russia did a number on my anscesotrs
Poland's Democide
http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP7.HTM
Finland. I think Puna should speak on this, but i think Fins have inflicted violence on russian civilians too. I only found a russian source on that and im not willing to trust them just like that.
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
Well, after the Winter War (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War) when Finland lost land areas to Soviet Union, the top politicians (right-wing politicians, I must add) in Finland started to talk about "Greater Finland (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Finland) and how all Finnic tribes should be united. In the Continuation War (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_War) creating the "Greater Finland" was a leading idea among the politicians. And because of that the Commander-in-Chief Mannerheim (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gusta ... Mannerheim) ordered to put up concentration camps for the Russian civilians. The Finnic people from those areas (Karelians, Ingrians, Kvens) were left alone or given a "green card" to move to Finland, but Russians were put to those camps. At highest there were about 25 000 Russian civilians in those camps and nearly 8 000 people died there. They were not killed, but had very little food and no health care, so people died because of hunger and diseases. And without a doubt Finnish soldiers also killed civilians, but apparently it wasn't systematic. And I must add that the "Greater Finland" idea failed from the beginning as many of the Finnish soldiers refused to cross over the old borderline to actually start to conquer Soviet land.Sentenza wrote:
Finland. I think Puna should speak on this, but i think Fins have inflicted violence on russian civilians too. I only found a russian source on that and im not willing to trust them just like that.
All in all, I think the only campaign of Finns that could maybe qualify as a genocide was after the Civil War (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War) when the "Whites" (upper class, right-wing people) executed nearly 10 000 "Reds" (poor people/left-wing/communists) and held up to 75 000 of them in concentration camps for years and at least 7 500 of them were killed in hunger and diseases or just executed (notice that those numbers given in the English Wikipedia are way lower than what it was in reality).
Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
bear how am i provin your point bruv, i have problems with the occidental world view myself but to claim imperialism and savagery are solely european traits is well off the mark, somebody on heres said about japan invading korea, china invaded vietnam in the middle ages, what about the mongol hordes?Cold Bear wrote:All that shit yall white bros talking about in here happened after white bros stuck their head in eastern business
C'mon yo
Centuries of coexisting?
All of a sudden the Japones spaz out?
Nah yo
Read into what started that shit up
Occidentalism
http://books.google.com/books?id=NCc2p6 ... &q&f=false
fu-- outta here Canuck LOL
And cliffard you proving my point innit
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Re: Brutality against Japs during WW2
cold bear is racist what do you expect from a bozo like him
he tried to lay a history lesson on his pastey white friend without realizing he needed the history lesson
"I didnt do it the white man influenced my actions into doing it"
he tried to lay a history lesson on his pastey white friend without realizing he needed the history lesson
"I didnt do it the white man influenced my actions into doing it"